Notes on Psychology

Mary Insinuators: Methods: Insinuators performed a longitudinal study in Uganda. She used home visits, naturalistic observations, and interviews with the mothers of the children, using an Interpreter. The babies ranged from 15 weeks to two years old when the study began, and were observed every two weeks for nine months In a natural environment (the family living room). A researcher observes a child's reactions when a mother briefly leaves her child alone in an unfamiliar room. The way the child behaves during the separation and upon the mother's return can reveal Important Information about attachment.Four categories of behaviors were assured and observed: (1 ) separation anxiety: the unease the infant showed when left by the caregiver, (2) the infant's willingness to explore, (3) stranger anxiety: the Infant's response to the presence of a stranger, and (4) reunion behavior: the way the caregiver was greeted on return The observer noted the behavior displayed and scored the behavio r for intensity on a scale of 1 to 7. Describe the Work of Bowl Bowl was one of the most influential theorists In the area of children's emotional and social development Define â€Å"Attachment† Attachment is the emotional bond between child and caregiver.It can be observed from around 7 months of age, and manifests itself as separation anxiety in the child when the caregiver is not present. A key element in attachment is parent sensitivity Name the 3 Main Theories of Attachment The Strange Situation Paradigm (Insinuators) which showed the different categories of attachment. Bellboy's Internal Working Model, which showed how early attachment patterns resulted in internal schemas about relationships.Continuity Patterns in Romantic Love (Hazy and Shaver), which showed childhood patterns were repeated In adult romantic relationships, and Social ND cultural Factors In Attachment (Van l]candor and Greenberg, Malarkey,et al, which showed attachment patterns were constant cross-cult urally, but which were most prevalent varied by cultural parenting styles. Describe Insinuator's â€Å"Strange Situation Paradigm† An experiment that measured the anxiety and behavior between Infant and mother through a combinations of separations and reunions.Also featured in the â€Å"Strange Situation† was the introduction of a stranger, someone not known to the child, in order to observe the child's reaction Name the 3 Categories of I OFF stressed when mother leaves, seeks contact upon her return. Ambivalent Attachment (type C): infant is distress when mother leaves, quickly seeks contact upon return, but then rejects mother Avoidance Attachment (type A): infant show no distress when mother leaves, avoids contact upon return, and is not afraid of the stranger.Typical of babies of unresponsive mothers. Describe the 4th Attachment Category added by Main and Solomon (1990) Insecure/Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment (type D): child shows no reaction to mother leaving or returning. Associated with abused children. Research Evidence for Attachment Theory: Insinuators (1969) Agenda Project Observed 28 Uganda mothers interacting with their child through naturalistic observations in the home. Measured mother's sensitivity to infants signals and needs, identified as 2 key factors in attachment.If a secure attachment is formed the child will feel worthy of love and attention. This internal model tends to be reproduced in adult relationships. Explain Bellboy's Theory of Attachment History The internal working model reflects an individual's experiences about the accessibility of attachment figure, different experiences may explain different attachment patterns, as well as attachment disorders What does the study of Social and Cultural Factors tell us about Attachment?Cross cultural studies tend to confirm the four attachment categories, but also show different distributions, based on differing cultural practices. Research Evidence for Social and Cultura l Differences in Attachment: Van Condoner and Greenberg (1988) Looked at 32 studies from 8 countries, covering 2,000 infants. They found, for example, that Japan showed more ambivalent attachment than the West, but no avoidance attachment. Secure attachment was more common in the West.Explain Continuity Attachment Patterns in Romantic Love The theory is that the patterns of attachment form in early childhood and that are translated into schemas via the inner working model repeat themselves in adult romantic relationships Research Evidence for Continuity Attachment Theory: Hazy and Shaver (1978) Compared attachments with parents to romantic adult attachments. Assumed inner workings model, and then compared self-reported attachment ACH of Insinuator's categories were roughly the same.Further, secure lovers described their relationships as happy, trusting and friendly, Avoidance lovers displayed fear of intimacy, emotional highs and lows, as well as Jealousy. Bivalent attachment charac terized romantic love as obsessive, filled with highs and lows, extreme sexual attraction, and Jealousy Evaluation of Hazy and Shaver (1978) Supported idea that attachment styles could be found in adult romantic love. Some concern that sample was self-selected and disproportionately female. Forced choices may have skewed the data. However, a follow by Hazy and Shaver ten years later replicated the results.Research Evidence for Social and Cultural Differences in Attachment: Mistake et al. (1985) Explained attachment differences between US and Japan. Japanese mothers put greater emphasis on close relationships, but urge children to develop their own identity and solve problems with a wider social group. US children are more independent, but rely on adults to solve problems. US shows more avoidance attachment, a consequence of independence, while Japanese children show more secure attachment and are more sensitive to group needs as adults.

Legalizing gambling Essay

Gambling is legal in many places, it’s not either a criminal or dangerous activity provided it is done responsibly, and in accordance with the law. Have you ever wagered on a game? If so you were gambling and should have been fined. Lawmakers have decided that it is evil to gamble, they have justified it as a means to scam billions from citizens in order to compensate for their mismanagement of tax revenue. They pass laws that could put a taxpayer in jail for placing a single dollar wager on a pool game. Legalizing gambling nationally could potentially benefit our economic situation. All gambling was once legal. Looking back only 75-100 years ago most of our states had lotteries in place. Over the past century, as a result of abuse and moral fervor the majority forms of gambling have been prohibited. The history of gambling in the United States evolved from Europe. The Puritans and Quakers took little time to create first laws against gambling in 1638. Casino gambling is becoming increasingly popular especially in southern states. Native Americans are allowed to establish bingo parlors and casinos on their reservations, although Las Vegas and Atlantic City remain gambling tourist top destination choice. Many states allow horse and dog racing tracks and then there’s the people who bet on sporting events, card games, and almost anything you can imagine in the privacy of their own home. The first thing to do is to regulate gambling, both land-based and online. After the legislative base is created and regulation covers every aspect of the gambling industry, it’s half way to being legalized. I don’t see why we should lose a couple dollars to a pool hustler, when we could be hustled legally by the state. Gambling offers individuals the adrenaline rush that greater opportunity lies within their own hands. People should not be denied an activity that they enjoy partaking in. Government can earn revenues from legalized gambling which can be diverted towards bettering our society. Legalizing gambling would increase employment opportunities in society which could help to reduce the amount of working capable people out of a job. Gambling establishments have shown to increase employment opportunities as well as improve tourism in the right areas. The presence of gambling establishments is also beneficial to society because they can contribute the revenues to local governments which then could use the profits for social programs that would benefit both gamblers and non gamblers. Legalized commercial gambling is becoming an increasing controversy within our state governments. There is no doubt that many different forms of legalized gambling has exploded in the region and around the country, if the government gives full support of legalization they will be doing all US citizens a favor. Some argue that gambling is an addiction, one that can become dangerous and harmful to the general public. The truth is that like all other influenced jobs it can be a way of making a living for yourself and your family. Though there are a lot of people that struggle with an addiction to gambling, there are probably just as many people who are responsible gamblers and have enough self control to moderate there wagering hobbies. Legalizing gambling nationally will help stimulate our struggling economy in many ways. If our government would be willing to try to implement new laws to legalize and regulate it theres no way a short time period of testing these ideas would leave any permanent damage on our nation.

Money and happiness in the attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Money and happiness in the attachment - Essay Example The paradox was mainly used to support the argument that a general increase in economical growth by a country, would not necessarily result in increased satisfaction levels by its citizenry (Leonhardt 2008). The argument supported by this paradox, was further supported by research that happened to prove that during the resultant aftermath that followed soon after World War II ended, the economy of Japan underwent a rather significant boom with the general economy’s output growing by an average of about sevenfold between the years ranging between 1950 an 1970. This staggering economical growth caused Japan to eventually become one of the world’s richest nations (Leonhardt 2008). Despite the massive economic growth witnessed in the country, polls conducted in Japan showed that the country’s citizenry appeared to become increasingly dissatisfied with their own lives. According to the results of one poll, the overall percentage of persons who happened to provide the most positive of the given possible answers pertaining to the level of satisfaction they were experiencing in their lives actually fell from the averages obtained during the late 1950s through to the early 1970s. It was evidently clear that although the people were richer, they were deemed to apparently not be happier. (Lee & Dwight 2006). The results of this Japanese anomaly are inherently somewhat flawed and money can result in happiness. The truth of this statement was verified by efforts of research conducted by two economists from Brookings Institution in Washington, Mr. Wolfers and Ms. Stevenson who discovered that the original research questions had changed and the most positive answer option that was given by the pollsters was one suggesting that although the respondents weren’t completely happy they were satisfied with their life as it were at the moment. Mr. Easterlin is quoted as writing that â€Å"it can generally

Advocacy Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advocacy Project - Assignment Example Due to the fact that an increasingly technological society does not perform nearly as much physical labor as was required in the recent past, coupled with the fact that diets have not kept pace with the changes to human behavior and activity, has instigated a situation by which both children and adults are becoming increasingly overweight; oftentimes obese (a means of measurement to define 20% or more over ideal body mass). Whereas current average obesity rate is approximately 32% within the United States, New Jersey experiences a childhood obesity rate in excess of 39% (Gollust et al., 2013). This creates a systemic issue not only due to the fact that it is a precipitously higher level of obesity than the national average but due to the fact that such a high rate of childhood/adolescent obesity impacts negatively on the current and future health that these individuals can necessarily expect. As such, the purpose of this analysis will be to engage the listener with an understanding o f the fact that action is required with regards to the epidemic of obesity; action that can ultimately help the current generation to enjoy a more healthy and active life than they might otherwise (Fletcher, 2014). Recent scholarship has indicated that the situation regarding childhood obesity, in the United States, is reaching and alarming level. Scholars have indicated that roughly one in three children currently living within the United States can be considered obese. The obvious problem that exists with regards to this is not necessarily due to the fact that these children are merely obese; rather, the problem that exists is due to the fact that children who suffer from obesity facing exponentially higher risk of developing any number of other diseases (Rabbit & Coye, 2013). These can include but are not limited to diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and many others (Anderson et al., 2012). Moreover, the issue with childhood obesity, as is

Ethics and governance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics and governance - Case Study Example 1. The appointments of Kong as president of board, and Watson as vice president of the board after the company went public could have a negative impact upon the operations of the organisation. These two individuals had been the CEO and deputy CEO for the company, respectively, when the company was undergoing financial constraints. Maintaining these individuals within the board brings a negative impression to the organisation as they played significant role in the collapse of the organisation. 2. The board should have sought the accurate financial reports and not have relied on the decisions being made by Kong and Watson. The board should also have been provided with the market information of the telephone networks sector to make an educated judgment regarding venturing into the business. 3. In the collapse of the corporate, executive members were involved in making wrong decisions, through their desires to keep the factual financial position of the company hidden from the general pub lic. The non-executive members failed on their part to monitor the financial performance and relied on information provided by Watson members, which was mostly untrue. 4. Within the corporation numerous ethical issues surrounding the conduct of Joe Kong and Jeff Watson, the CEO and Deputy CEO respectively. These breaches could have been avoided through initiating control measures and monitoring the decisions that these executives made for the organisation.

Stem Cell Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Stem Cell Research - Essay Example Indeed, when all the fact are in about stem cells, it still a very polarizing debate. On one hand, certain people think the issue is black and white. Theyre certain that using stem cells is morally wrong. They believe it can be solved simply, sometimes by just interpreting the constitution. For many people it is very hard for someone to believe research involving them should be banned. Stem cells offer some of the substantial and important possibilities in the fields of medical science open to us today. I believe we must seize this opportunity. The issue is a nuanced one that society really needs to think about (Herold 22). Whether or not you believe using an embryonic stem cell for research purposes is destroying a potential life, you must admit that it is opening up the possibility for someone else to live longer or better. The world today is more complicated than ever. In part this is because we know more about it than ever before and technology has dramatically shaped our world views. Certain moral questions have exploded in recent years because of the way technology is changing the moral dimensions of our lives. We can now see foetuses in the womb using ultrasound technology and can tell a lot about them and their health early on. We now know that there are certain cells inside the body—called stem cells—that are effectively the building blocks for many different cells. They can become a fetus, they can become a brain cell, or, for example, they can become a skin cell. Some people believe this proves that stem cell research involves killing. They think it is wrong. Other believe that with the right type of manipulation—something scientists are becoming increasingly proficient at—it may be possible for many previously incurable diseases to be dealt with. There are also gre at possibilities involving the generation of organs for transplant, among a

Religious Interview with a Protestant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religious Interview with a Protestant - Essay Example He is a youth ambassador in the local church, a mission that has nurtured him into a spiritual leader who inspires other youngsters into the ways of God. In matters of religion activities, Georges father always arranged special events at the church apart from the normal Christian holidays such as the Easter holiday and Christmas. The events involved different churches camping at the church and exchange of ideas in terms of building spiritualism, living in the ways of the Almighty as well as attempting examinations on the most important tenets of Christian life. The underlying mission for these events was to inculcate young and adult Christians with the virtues of the Lord that would bring to track the Christians who were shaken in spirit. The events were also important in venerating the name of the Lord and thanking Him for the gift of life. The events were enjoyable since there were musical instruments to play; feasting of all kind and the general euphoria of socializing was just intriguing. George was the lead youth in the youth group present at the event. The youngsters enjoyed in playing the different musical instruments while the elderly people read the Bible interpreted it and passed the interpretation to the youngsters. The examinations were taken by the youngsters present at the event after being taught and receiving the interpretation of the Bible verses from the elderly. The general mood was joyous, and so everyone enjoyed the activities according to Georges confessions. Georges current religious view is simply Christian. He is a staunch practicing Christian, who follows the Christian principles in all spheres of life. He is proud of being Christian and reveres the Almighty God according to the ways of Christianity. He is a believer in Christianity. George did not change in his religious affiliation since he was brought up in a Christian way of life.

Digital Audio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Digital Audio - Research Paper Example By 1937, British scientist Alec Reeves invented and patented the Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). The digital revolution has also been pushed forward by the advent of cheap and powerful computational devices. We must also keep in mind the immense contribution of the military in any great leap in technology. The First World War brought in electricity and vacuum tubes. By the Second World War, solid state electronics were invented and this is the first impetus in bringing in the era of miniaturization and power. By 1950s and 1960s, computers were developed and used by the military to build the World Wide Web, which later on in the 1990s were made available to the average consumer. In 1957, Max Matthews of The Bell Laboratory demonstrated how to record sound digitally using computer. The digital recording process consists essentially of an Analogue to Digital conversion. This is achieved by chopping up the signal into small intervals at a rate at least twice the highest perceivable frequenc y. Each part of the sample is then coded using binary numbering system and recorded as pulses. The earlier experiments were done using tape as a storage medium but later discs replaced them. They had a higher density. In chopping up the signal at the rate of 44.1 KHz (in case of ACDs), the amplitude of each part of the waveform sampled is expressed as a binary number containing the equivalent of a combination of 16- zeroes and ones (if 16 Bit quantization is used as in ACDs) or any lower number depending upon the system. This means that the amplitude of this small part of the signal sampled can be expressed in as many as 16 to the power 16 or 65,536 increments. Such a high number of increments to describe a small part of the signal required fast recording density and speed. Therefore video tape recorders were used to record digitally converted audio signal. Discs carrying video frequencies were made to rotate up to 1800 rpm and between 150 and 400 rpm for audio programs. To record a full album digitally, we had to wait until 1976. The first ever 16 bit digital recording was made by Dr. Stockham of Soundstream using a Soundstream Recorder in the U.S. Santa Fe Opera. Sony introduced its flagship D/A converter the PCM 1 in the same year. Now digital recording was in the hands of anyone who can afford the machine and hook it up with an existing VHS VCR to convert it into a digital recorder. In 1979, the first fully digital album was released by Ry Cooder: â€Å"Bop till you Drop†. It was recorded using a 32 track digital multi-track recorder built by 3M. In 1980, Sony and Philips announced the arrival of Audio Compact Disc. The possibility of easy and lossless distribution of high quality digital audio content finally brought in the first waves of the digital boom. In the sphere of studio systems, during 1985, there were only three models of Digital Audio Workstations (DAW) available and only two of them were disk based systems. Audio File from AMS and Dire ct to Disc by NED, were the only two options the third by Denon was the DN 052 ED. But in the years immediately after this, the Digital Audio Workstations were the order of the day for any studios. 3M, Sony, Mitsubishi and Studer introduced their own versions of the DAW. By 1986, the digital consoles started coming in and RDAT was introduced in Japan, making it possible to make digital replicas of recordings easily. If CD was to replace the LP, RDAT was supposed to replace

Palmolive - Target Market Identification Report Essay

Palmolive - Target Market Identification Report - Essay Example Marketing mix model focuses on specific parts of a firm’s marketing strategy. The product is one of the basic elements of this strategy. By promoting a particular product, a firm needs to consider primarily the following two issues: a) would be the development of existing product a priority or b) emphasis should be rather given to the increase of the firm’s share in the targeting marketing? In the second case, the firm should try to introduce new products while in the first case the characteristics of a firm’s product should be rather highlighted through appropriately customized marketing strategies. In the case under examination, the first strategy would be rather used, aiming to emphasize on the advantages of the firm’s specific product, the Palmolive natural shampoo vibrant color in regard to the targeting market, i.e. the Australian market. On the other hand, Dibb et al. (2008) note that the term ‘Product’ as part of the marketing mix mode l, refers to a series of issues, including the ‘quality awareness, the product image, the value and the quality of the product but also the product performance’. The marketing policies used by a firm in order to support the performance of one of its products have to refer to the above qualities/ needs of the product, the promotion of which is the targeting market will be attempted.In the case under examination, the marketing strategy of the firm in regard to the specific product would be additionally influenced by the following facts: the Palmolive natural shampoo vibrant color.... 2008, 94). The marketing policies used by a firm in order to support the performance of one of its products have to refer to the above qualities/ needs of the product, the promotion of which in the targeting market will be attempted. In the case under examination, the marketing strategy of the firm in regard to the specific product would be additionally influenced by the following facts: the Palmolive natural shampoo vibrant colour has been introduced in order to meet specific needs – the needs of people with colored hair for increased hair care and protection (Colgate Palmolive 2011). More specifically, the above shampoo helps towards the recovery of hair damaged by the colour treatment; in the specific product, a combination of UV filter and Avocado extracts’ (Colgate Palmolive 2011) has been used aiming ‘to ensure the quick recovery of hair damaged by color treatment but also to ensure the increase of life of colored hair and the improvement of quality of color ed hair’ (Colgate Palmolive 2011). It should be noticed that a conditioner is available by the firm in order to increase the benefits/ effects of the specific shampoo. The package of the above product can be characterized as satisfactory proving clear information on the content and the qualities of the product; moreover, the use of different color in the product’s packaging – compared to the other products of the firm – helps to distinguish the specific product among the others of the same firm but also among other products with similar characteristics. 1.2 Current Pricing The price of the particular product can be characterized as of an average to low level – compared to the price of similar products of its competitors (Leader et al. 1990).

Discrimination At the Work Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Discrimination At the Work Place - Essay Example This paper stresses that the utilitarianism approach has various limitations that make it difficult to achieve ethical standards in the organisation. One of the limitations is that most people are taught to focus on self-development, and they do not care about the actions that they may take and influence other people around them. Thus, it is hard for most of the people to practice utilitarianism. Additionally, what may create pleasure to an individual may not create pleasure to someone else. Thus, it is difficult to determine what will make someone happy in a specific condition or situation. This report makes a conclusion that utilitarianism approach offers a method for deciding the morally upright situation in any course of action as discussed in the essay above. Thus, individuals should identify the courses of action before they perform any action. Additionally, they should also determine the harms and the benefits that can result from performing a certain action. Afterwards, they should choose an action that benefits the stakeholders in an organisation. Any discrimination will be done away with if the parties involved consider the consequences of their action. Discrimination causes more harm than good in an organisation. Thus, utilitarianism approach is beneficial in determining the ethical concerns in the organisation. Other models that can be used include the common good approach, justice approach, and virtue approach.

Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. Essay Example for Free

Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. Essay Company A wholly-owned subsidiary of Belgium-based Anheuser–Busch InBev, is the largest brewing company in the United States. The company operates 12 breweries in the United States and nearly 20 in other countries. It was, until December 2009, also one of Americas largest theme park operators; operating ten theme parks across the United States through the companys family entertainment division, Busch Entertainment Corporation. It is headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. AB’s objectives as a corporation are: * To increase domestic beer segment volume and per barrel profitability which, when combined with market share growth will provide the source for earnings per share growth and improvement in return on capital employed. * To provide a great tasting fresh beer to our consumers by limiting self life to 110 days, and providing a â€Å"born on date† on all our products. * To build a high-performing, diverse workforce, while providing a safe, productive and rewarding work environment, in which all our employees can benefit. * To be a good corporate citizen and good neighbor in every community where we do business and promote the responsible consumption of our products. * To preserve and protect the environment and support communities where we do business, by complying with all applicable environmental laws, regulations, and permits. Products and Services Anheuser-Buschs best known beers include brands such as Budweiser, Busch, Michelob, Bud Light, and Natural Light. The company also produces more than 100 beers, import beers, specialty beers, nonalcoholic brews, malt liquors ( such as King Cobra and Hurricane), and flavored malt beverages (e.g. the Bacardi Silver family and Tequiza). Currently, the number 1 ranked beer in America is Bud Light. The company introduced a flavored 12% abv malt liquor under the name Spykes in 2007. It was sold in colorful, 2-ounce bottles. Available flavors included mango, lime, melon and chocolate. Free public tours of the brewery are given. The tour takes visitors through the complex, and those of the legal age can enjoy two free glasses of any Anheuser-Busch product in the Hospitality Room after the tour. Tourists can see beer being made in a working part of the brewery (from behind plexiglas shields). The company keeps a rotation of its famous Budweiser Clydesdales at its headquarters, and visitors to the brewery can observe the Clydesdales in their exercise field and see their places in the carriage house. Some of the herd is kept at the company farm in St. Louis County. The farm, known as Grants Farm (having been owned by former President Ulysses S. Grant at one time), is home to a menagerie of animals. Since 2008, approximately half of the Budweiser Clydesdales are kept at the Warmsprings Ranch. Introduction/History Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. traces its roots to 1852 and the Bavarian Brewery in St. Louis. The struggling brewery was acquired by Eberhard Anheuser, a successful soap manufacturer, in 1860 Anheuser had no experience in the brewing business, but his son-in-law did. Adolphus Busch, a successful German businessman, joined his father-in-law in the business in the 1860s and took on increasing responsibility. Through new technologies and modern marketing practices, he transformed the local brewery into an industry leader. In the early 1870s, Adolphus Busch became the first American brewer to use pasteurization, which allowed beer to be shipped long distances without spoiling. By the mid 1870s and early 1880s, he introduced artificial refrigeration, refrigerated railcars and rail-side icehouses. These technological innovations allowed the company to grow and distribute beer across the country. Budweiser was the first national beer brand, introduced in 1876. Twenty years later, Busch introduced Michelob, America’s first specialty beer. To market his beers, Busch used traditional, proven selling methods but in a far more organized and deliberate manner than his competitors. He pioneered the use of giveaways and premiums, and used his brewery as a show place for the public to visit. When Eberhard Anheuser died in 1880, Adolphus became president of the brewery. In 1901, the company broke the 1 million barrels of beer sales mark for the first time, making it one of the nation’s leading breweries. Adolphus Busch died in 1913 and was succeeded by his son; August A. Busch, Sr. The brewery’s bleakest period began at midnight on Jan. 16, 1920, when national Prohibition became law. Rather than close its doors, as more than half of the nation’s breweries did, Anheuser-Busch diversified and remained in business. Under the leadership of August Sr., the company marketed more than 25 different non-alcoholic products such as soft drinks, truck bodies and ice cream. In preparation for Prohibition, Anheuser-Busch released Bevo, a non-alcoholic cereal beverage, in 1916. On April 7, 1933, beer was re-legalized. Recovery from Prohibition was slow but steady under Adolphus Busch III, who became president of the company in 1934, upon the death of his father, August Sr. Economic conditions caused by the Great Depression also restrained growth, but, thanks in part to the introduction of the metal can in 1936, sales began to climb. By 1938, Anheuser-Busch hit the 2 million barrel mar k. During World War II, the company diverted many of its operations in support of the war effort, voluntarily relinquishing its West Coast markets to conserve railcar space for war materials shipments. Following the war, America and Anheuser-Busch experienced an era of growth and prosperity throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In 1946, August A. Busch, Jr. became president of the company following the death of his brother, Adolphus III. Beginning with the opening of the Newark, N.J. facility in 1951, August Jr. created a national network of nine breweries. Under his leadership, beer sales increased from 3 million barrels to more than 34 million barrels, and corporate diversification was extended to include family entertainment, industrial products, real- estate and can manufacturing. In 1957, Anheuser-Busch became the leading U.S. brewer, a position it retains today. August A. Busch III was elected president of Anheuser-Busch, Inc. in 1974, and the next year succeeded his father, August Jr., as chief executive officer, becoming the fourth generation of the family to lead Anheuser-Busch. August III led the company to build four additional breweries, expand the family entertainment business, and significantly strengthen the company’s horizontal and vertical integration. In 2008, Anheuser-Busch and InBev combined to become Anheuser-Busch InBev. The new company is the world’s largest brewer and one of the top 5 consumer goods companies in the world. Mission It is AB’s mission to be the United States beer company. The company is working hard to elevate and enhance the image and relevance of beer, plus making their brands the preferred beer of choice. It is also AB’s mission to deliver superior returns to their shareholders, which in return will provide more benefits and resources for the company. Product/Bud Light In 1982, the company introduced Bud Light nationally, which grew quickly in popularity and today is one of the world’s best selling beer brands. Bud Light is an American style lager made from rice, hops and barley malt. It is less alcoholic than regular Budweiser beer. It is marketed in the premium-light category, and Anheuser-Busch banks on the drinkability of Bud Light being its defining characteristic Bud Light Marketing Strategy Bud Light beer has long directed their marketing strategy through sports. For years their ads have dominated the Super Bowl advertising bonanza. Bud Light also has used various sports themes in their commercials and has a strong presence in many sporting events (in the venue and through television). Bud Light’s advertising campaign has been extremely effective. They have targeted the young male demographic and have done a phenomenal job of it. Relying on humor and sports has been the staple of their strategy, and it has worked very well with their target audience. Advertisements for Bud Light almost always are a comedy, and as they close they briefly plug the actual product. This has been their recipe for success. Bud Light has well graded commercials and a very high percentage of the beer market. Who can forget the â€Å"secret fridge,† â€Å"real men of genius,† â€Å"hidden Bud Lights,† or countless other commercial lines that Bud Light has created. The ads are remembered, and in marketing that is half the battle. But, that is the issue. Why is beer being marketed solely through the use of comedy? Because comedy is much more successful than a realistic commercial. How successfully would Bud Light market themselves if they were forced to use the reality of their product? Would they show how drunken men get home after football games? Would they show people drinking too much? Would they show the average user of their product? No, of course not. They would never be able to market their product successfully if they used its real circumstances. While Bud Light solely relies on comedy, many other beer manufacturers have taken other approaches. Some show where their beer is made. Samuel Adams commercials currently focus on the early years of their organization and the development of their company. Additionally, most beer ads, other than Bud Light, heavily stress using responsibility while drinking. Guinness beer is a good example. Although Guinness mostly uses comedy to sell their product they stress responsibility in every ad, and even have comedic ads focused on responsibility. Bud Light should consider using a similar formula if they continue to stick to comedy. Bud Light has an amazingly successful marketing strategy through the use of comedy and sports. * Geographic Anheuser Busch sells its beer products domestically and globally. It operates 14 breweries in the U.S., brewing approximately 30 kinds of beer. They offer a wide variety of premium and sub-premium beverages, each of which has a unique taste and price. Another area of interest for A-B is the international marketing of their beer. This segment is regulated by Anheuser-Busch International, which operates 15 breweries – 14 in China and one in the United Kingdom. The product of Budweiser is brewed in seven other countries outside the United States under the direct supervision of Anheuser Busch brew masters. They include Argentina, Canada, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea and Spain. * Psychographics Anheuser Busch reaches out to diverse groups of people with various psychographics. They deal with people that have a social lifestyle and enjoy going out to bars and clubs. They also deal with consumers that are interested in sports. Anheuser- Busch is a major sponsor of every sporting event possible, taking profits in the NFL, NBA, MLB, and NASCA. Lastly, Anheuser – Busch maintains a strong social affiliation with consumers who drink beer just for relaxation and comfort. A major market consists of social drinkers who drink one or two beers a night after work. Consumer Markets Anheuser Busch’s primary consumer market consists of males and females over the age of 21. The age groups range from seniors, Baby Boomers, Generation X, and a part of Generation Y. They also target every category involving family life cycle, including married, single, divorced, widowed, and parents. AB products are not sold to a particular social class, however depending on whether the consumer’s are Capitalists or underclass, might play a major role in deciding which AB beer they purchase. Finally, ethnicity is a major focus for AB, they believe in promoting diversity in all of their relationships. They actively support numerous community programs sponsored by a wide variety of ethnic groups; they encourage the development of minority and women-owned companies by purchasing more than $400 million in annual goods and services from those companies. Anheuser-Busch is also a close friend and partner with Americas ethnic communities. Their programs are designed to preserve the unique traditions within diverse communities and to provide immediate and long-term benefits through joint efforts with national, regional and local organizations. Business Markets AB has a variety of business markets that it is involved with. The most important are grocery stores, super centers (Wal-Mart), convenience stores / gas stations, warehouse membership clubs (Costco), restaurant / bars, and sporting event venues. Restaurants/Bars are the most important business markets for A-B, because they buy and distribute the most amount of beer. Also, restaurants and bars are two of the easiest places that adults can access beer. Finally, in a bar, most beer is distributed from a tap off of keg, and more beer can be distributed with a keg, than selling bottles or cans individually. Size and Growth A-B owns nearly 50 percent of the United States domestic market share in the beer industry. The company produced close to 11 billion barrels of beer in 2009, which is 7.5 times its closest domestic competitor. The company has four trademark brand families; Budweiser, Michelob, Busch and Natural, each of which play a key strategic role as the volume drivers of the company. A-B’s size is definitely strength, because the company has the resources in place to increase beer industry volume, while continuing to meet the needs of today’s consumer. A-B currently offers over 40 brands of beer. Of this wide variety of premium and sub-premium beverages, each beer offers its own unique taste and blend. Yet, A-B is not standing still; the company is committed to creating new beverages that appeal to today’s adult consumers. To meet these changing tastes, A-B introduced more than 30 new in the past five years and encouraged consumers to experiment with their new flavors. Of these, Budweiser Select, the newest addition to the Budweiser family was introduced, and has become one of the company’s most successful new product launches, with more than 2 million barrels sold. Other new offering included malt beverages, flavored beers, and beers such as BE, which combines fruit flavors with caffeine and guarana. A-B’s relentless commitment to constantly improving and innovating new products is keeping them ahead of the competition. Distribution Over the years, Bud light has been distributed in many sizes and containers. Bud light is primarily distributed in just three packages cans, 12-ounce glass and aluminum bottles. Along with this expansion came advances in bottling automation, new bottling materials and more efficient distribution methods. These advances have brought to market many new containers and package designs. Eagle Packaging Eagle Packaging, Inc. satisfies all of Anheuser Busch’s packaging needs. It supplies 100 percent of Anheuser-Buschs domestic crown and closure liner material. This means Anheuser Busch spends less time dealing with numerous suppliers, and more time spent on producing beer. Eagle Packaging, Inc. also stands behind every product they sell, and they continuously work with their manufacturers to provide Anheuser Busch with the highest quality products and services possible. With Eagle Packaging, Inc. as Anheuser Busch’s partner, they improve their business position by offering innovative solutions and proactive ideas. They also work with Anheuser Busch to coordinate a â€Å"Just in Time â€Å"delivery schedule. This saves Anheuser Busch inventory space and costs, while keeping them properly supplied. Longhorn Glass Corp. Longhorn Glass Corp. supplies Anheuser Busch, the nation’s largest buyer of glass bottles, with about 8% of its glass bottles. This Anheuser Busch subsidiary was established in Houston, Texas in 2001. Longhorn Glass Company provides 60% of Anheuser’s, Houston brewery, with its longneck bottle needs. The company primarily produces one product, Amber Longneck bottles. Anheuser-Busch Recycling Company Anheuser – Busch Recycling Company recycles used beverage cans, which are converted into sheet aluminum for manufacturing new cans. The company was formed in 1978 to provide a positive alternative to mandatory deposits and to help reduce container costs. They recycle over 90% of the cans sold domestically by the Anheuser Busch beer company. For over a decade, it has been the world’s largest recycler of aluminum beverage containers. Metal Container Corporation The purpose of the Metal Container Corporation, the largest partner of Anheuser Busch, is to provide cans, lids and services that exceed the expectations of our customers and consumers. Metal Container Corporation was formed in 1973 and operates eight can and three lid manufacturing facilities that are strategically located across the United States. It supplies 60% of Anheuser-Busch’s domestic beer cans and 75% of Anheuser-Busch’s domestic lids. Their main customers are Anheuser-Busch, Pepsi, Coca-Cola and Grupo Modelo. In total, the company makes more than 26 billion cans and 29 billion lids annually. Precision Printing Packaging, Inc. Precision Printing and Packaging, Inc produces more than 25 billion metalized labels annually for Anheuser-Busch and other customers including Bush Beans, Wrigley, and Pepsi. The company supplies 80 percent of Anheuser-Buschs labels. Pricing Methodology A-B is best described as market oriented because the sales of their products do not depend on an aggressive sales force, but rather on the customer’s decision to purchase their product. The company focuses on customer wants and needs by offering a diverse selection of products while giving a relentless commitment toward quality and by doing so is able to distinguish its products from competitors’ offerings. The company is also able to adhere to customers wants and needs by offering different prices for their beer, while still offering the same relentless commitment to quality. A wide variety of premium and sub-premium brands, offer a broad range of prices. However, price does not excuse A-B’s commitment to quality on all its products. Budweiser is on the upper echelon, where as Natural is on the lower end. Competition The emergence of the Bud Light brand was illustrated to develop a competition-based position. In the mid-1970s, Miller Brewing Company introduced a brand that was called Lite beer from Miller. In contrast, Lite beer from Miller was positioned as the beer that tasted great, but had fewer calories than regular beer. The advantage of this product was that users could drink more without getting filled up. The campaign, which was developed by Backer Spielvogel, targeted 18-34 year old males with blue-collar occupations, who were the heavy users of the beer category. The campaign was supported by the endorsement of ex-athletes and other beer-drinking personalities and aired on television during sports programming. The result was impressive sales of Late. Consumption of the brand was substantial in-home as well as in bars and restaurants, where 30% of all beer is sold. Unexpectedly, however, the majority of users were not the 18-34 year-old heavy drinkers of beer. Rather, more moderate drinking 25-44 year old professionals were the dominant Lite users. Anheuser-Busch viewed Lites introductory campaign as a potential threat to their Budweiser brand, which at the time commanded 43% of the beer market. A-B responded by entering the light market in 1977 with the premium Natural Light brand and in 1978 with a super premium Michelob Light brand. The logic behind these introductions was that A-B dominated Miller and other brewers in distribution, and this domination would enable A-Bs new light brands to emerge as strong players in the light category. A-B introduced Budweiser Light (currently known as Bud Light) in 1982. The goal was to market a brand that, unlike Natural Light and Michelob Light, would have a strong point of advantage in relation to Lite. The advantage was the heritage of Budweiser, the king of beers. The introductory campaign was targeted at the 25-44 year old professionals, which by this time all light beers were targeting. The position was the light beer with superior quality because it is made by A-B. The introductory campaign featured a clydesdale horse, which was an icon that A-B had associated with their Budweiser brand, running free on the beach and the slogan bring out your best. The voice-over explained that the brand had been developed slowly over time with the same care, quality, and commitment that went into Budweiser to ensure that it lived up to the heritage of Budweiser. Subsequent executions showed season-appropriate sports including football, hockey, skiing and baseball. Each was aired during sports programming. Indeed, Miller Lite had over 50% of the light beer market and Coors light entry was the second leading beer in the light category. Business results were impressive. In 1982, Budweiser Light sold more product than Lite had in its first three years, and by the end of 1983, Budweiser Light achieved a 20% share of the light beer market. At the same time, Budweiser Light had failed to make significant inroads in the out-of-home market. Apparently, when people asked for a Budweiser Light in bars and restaurants, they were more often than not being served either Miller Lite, or a regular Budweiser. As a result Lite beer from Miller maintained a market share of over 50% in the light category. A-B also found that a substantial percentage of Budweiser Light sales were at the expense of the flagship Budweiser brand. To address these concerns, A-B made several changes in their marketing program for 1984. One change was the brand name from Budweiser Light to Bud Light. The other was to introduce a new campaign called Make it a Bud Light. It focused on the fact that Bud Light was a light beer and that if they just asked for a light they might get any number of different objects that were not Bud Light beer. It was anticipated that this campaign would be run for several months and then Bud Light advertising would return to the heritage focus that had been used to launch the brand. However, when it was found Bud Lights sales increased in response to bar call, the campaign was run for five years. In 1987, Miller Lite was still the leading brand in the light category and had actually maintained its advantage over Bud Light. Sales of both brands had grown substantially as light was now almost 30% of the beer market. A-B was particularly concerned about these developments because the growth of the light category was largely at the expense of their Budweiser brand. Indeed, many of the heavy-drinking blue-collar males under 25 were abandoning regular beer for light beer. In addition, the growing consumption of white wine and soft drinks were limiting growth of the beer category. In an effort to capture the under-25 heavy user, A-B segmented the market and developed two campaigns. One was focused at the 25-44 year old professionals, who were the traditional users of the light category. The other campaign was targeted at the under-25, heavy user of beer. It featured a dog named Spuds MacKenzie, a party animal who attracted the attention of beautiful women. As their share and sales began to decline in the nineties, Miller Lite sought a campaign that would deliver news. In 1997, Millers CEO Jack MacDonough decided that a dramatic change was needed if Miller Lite was to reestablish its position as the number one light brand. He hired Fallon McElligott, the hot Minneapolis agency. Their charge was to attract 21-24 year olds with the proposition that Miller invites you to Miller Time, where its always fun, entertaining and unexpected anything can happen. Two Swedes, copywriter Linus Karlsson and art director Paul Malmstrom, developed the Miller Time campaign. These creatives were under 30 and were best known for work on Diesel Jeans in Europe, which included humorous references to American culture. These drastic marketing measures by Miller still weren’t enough to top A-B. Today, the light category has 40% share of the beer category sales and Bud Light is the best selling beer in the U.S and the number one beer in the world. Bud-Light is brewed at all 12 Anheuser Busch based breweries. Environmental Impact * Ethics/Social responsibilities A-B is making many extensive efforts to get involved in the community, by teaming up with charitable foundations and reaching out to those in need. Over the past decade, the company has donated more than $320 million to charitable organizations, including those that support education, health care, the arts, cultural enrichment, social services and environmental conservation. A-B released a â€Å"making friends† campaign which involves local communities, disaster relief and â€Å"true music† in which they sponsor music artists and related programs. The company also created a one million dollar â€Å"fallen heroes’ fund† which is a scholarship fund for spouses and children of those killed in Iraq. A-B has worked hard to establish a history of giving back to build on lasting friendships. By investing in and adding communities, the company is enhancing its image and reputation, increasing awareness for its brands, and creating loyalty among its customers. A-B has earned a reputation as the industry leader in the fight against alcohol abuse. The company has promoted responsibility efforts for nearly 100 years, and over the past two decades, have invested more than a half billion dollars in a comprehensive portfolio of more than two dozen community-based programs and national advertising campaigns to promote responsible drinking and help prevent underage drinking and drunk driving. A-B has also created effective community based programs that train bartenders, waiter, store clerks, etc. on ID checking, and also have distributors bringing speakers into schools about issues such as drunk driving and underage drinking. In their effort to promote responsible drinking, A-B is strengthening the community, which in return is strengthening the company’s image and reputation. A-B’s commitment to quality extends beyond packaging development. The company operates with care and concern for the world’s environment. A-B Recycling Corporation (ABRC) is one of the world’s largest aluminum recyclers. In 2009, ABRC recycled more than 1200 million pounds of aluminum and was introduced into the Waste Wise Hall of Fame by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ABRC also develops educational programs that promote voluntary recycling. A-B’s longstanding commitment to waste reduction and recycling programs has not only made up for their consumption of natural resources, but has also built a reputation for about the environment. * Legal/Regulatory/Political A-B experiences many threats do to new laws and regulations regarding the distribution of alcohol, such as: The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. In dealing with alcohol, the ATF regulates the qualification and operations of distilleries, wineries, and breweries, as well as importers and wholesalers in the alcohol industry. ATF has established mutually beneficial working relationships to minimize the regulatory burdens on businesses while still providing necessary government oversight and protecting consumer interests. The ATF National Laboratory Center is the premier tester of new products coming onto the market, as well as the facility that determines whether any products currently on the market pose a health risk to consumers. To ensure alcohol beverage labels do not contain misleading information and adhere to regulatory mandates, ATF examines all label applications for approval. The goals of the ATF are to ensure the collection of alcohol beverage excise taxes; to provide accurate deposit and accounting for the taxes; to prevent entry into the alcohol industry whose business experience or associations are a risk of tax fraud; and to suppress label fraud, commercial bribery, diversion and smuggling, and other unlawful practices in the alcohol marketplace. Many states have started to use â€Å"Dram shop† laws. Under dram shop liability laws, a person injured by an intoxicated person can sue the business or establishment that contributed to that person’s intoxication. Regulation of the sale of liquor to minors or individuals who are intoxicated; requiring most states require an alcohol license. These limit the time and place where sales take place. The government also regulates the production of alcohol by taxing businesses that take part in the selling and production of alcohol. This provides a source of revenue for the government. The Alcohol Beverage Act of 1988 which, requires all alcoholic beverages to bear a clear and conspicuous label warning of the dangers of alcohol consumption. Laws limiting alcohol distribution, and advertising such as college sporting events * Technology AB continues to implement several cost saving initiatives. Brewery modernizations, such as improvements to packaging line flexibility and increased bottle line speed, reductions in brewery material costs and transportation initiatives, including several consolidation and improved scheduling of shipping carriers, contributed nearly $100 million in incremental productivity improvement savings. Analysis of Marketing Strengths and Weaknesses Through my analysis, I have identified that A-B has many current strengths in all aspects of their domestic operations. They offer a unique product, which is distributed and promoted to precision. A-B has very few if any current weaknesses. Strengths Product A-B owns nearly 50 percent of the United States domestic market share in the beer industry. The company has four trademark brand families; Budweiser, Michelob, Busch and Natural, each of which play a key strategic role as the volume drivers of the company. A-B’s size is definitely strength, because the company has the resources in place to increase beer industry volume, while continuing to meet the needs of today’s consumer. A-B currently offers over 40 brands of beer. Of this wide variety of premium and sub-premium beverages, each beer offers its own unique taste and blend. Yet, A-B is not standing still; the company is committed to creating new beverages that appeal to today’s adult consumers. To meet these changing tastes, A-B introduced more than 30 new products in the past 5 years and encouraged consumers to experiment with their new flavors. Of these, Budweiser Select, the newest addition to the Budweiser family was introduced, and has become one of the company’s most successful new product launches, with more than 2 million barrels sold. Other new offering included malt beverages, flavored beers, and beers such as BE, which combines fruit flavors with caffeine and guarana. A-B’s relentless commitment to constantly improving and innovating new products is keeping them ahead of the competition. Along with variety in beer, A-B is offering a variety in new packaging styles and shapes to elevate the image of beer. A-B launched aluminum bottles for those consumers who want to look stylish when out at a club, bar or upscale restaurant. The company also released a new clear plastic label to its Bud Light and Budweiser Select packages, which enhances the premium image and appeal of the brands. By offering new product lines in packaging, A-B is strengthening its image as the leader in the market. Place A-B owns and operates 12 strategically located breweries in the United States. These breweries give A-B a competitive advantage of its competitors by reducing freight costs associated with shipping out supplies, but also by offering the freshest beer of any major brewer. On average, A-B beers are 14 days fresher than the nearest competitor. Promotion A-B encounters significant advertising and promotional expenses; however these costs are necessary because advertising and promotion are key elements of their marketing strategy. Each year the company advertises through numerous sponsorships, programs and campaigns to focus on their unique imagery and product difference. A-B also does a fair amount of advertising through sporting events, they have been the exclusive beer advertiser during the Super Bowl for the past 18 years, and are also associated with the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and the majority of National Football League teams. They also are currently in contract to sponsor Dale Earnhardt Jr. A-B is also known for its creative, catchy commercials. The Clydesdale horses are recognizable by most, and Budweiser Select’s national advertising campaign featured U.S. beer company President August Busch IV which highlighted the company’s sophistication and its â€Å"Expect Everything† brand identity. Price A wide variety of premium and sub-premium brands, offer a broad range of prices. However, price does not excuse A-B’s commitment to quality on all its products. Budweiser is on the upper echelon, where as Natural is on the lower end. Employee A-B has worked hard to develop and build a diverse workplace, in which teamwork and open, honest communication is valued. They are committed to promoting diversity in ethnic background. At the centerpiece of their effort is â€Å"Partners In Economic Progress,† a structured initiative designed to ensure that minority and women-owned firms have an opportunity to do business with A-B and its subsidiaries. In their efforts to building a diverse work force A-B has strengthened its brand name, as well as developed a strong relationship with many ethnicities. A-B has also worked hard to create a safe, productive and rewarding work environment, where each employee is responsible for contributing to the company’s success. The company emphasizes preparing employees for challenging and rewarding careers through extensive training and education provided by the A-B Training and Development Group (ABTDG). ABTDG’s main focus has been developing skills for employees of all business units within A-B, giving special consideration to technical, leadership and professional development. Technical training focuses on brewing, packaging, sales, maintenance, engineering and information technology, where as leadership and development courses center more general skills needed to prepare the future leaders of A-B. A-B has also offer highly competitive salaries and one of the most generous benefit packages in the industry. Benefits include health, dental, vision, and prescription plans; vacation; holidays; 401 (k); pension.

Translate WATSON’S THEORY OF HUMAN CARING AND SUBJECTIVE LIVING EXPERIENCES Essay Example for Free

Translate WATSON’S THEORY OF HUMAN CARING AND SUBJECTIVE LIVING EXPERIENCES Essay A TEORIA DO CUIDADO HUMANO DE WATSON E AS EXPERIÊNCIAS SUBJETIVAS DE VIDA: FATORES CARITATIVOS/CARITAS PROCESSES COMO UM GUIA DISCIPLINAR PARA A PRà TICA PROFISSIONAL DE ENFERMAGEM LA TEORà A DEL CUIDADO HUMANO DE WATSON Y LAS EXPERIENCIAS SUBJETIVAS DE VIDA: FACTORES CARITATIVOS/CARITAS PROCESSES COMO UNA GUà A DISCIPLINAR PARA LA PRà CTICA PROFESIONAL DE ENFERMERà A Jean Watson2 This manuscript draws upon a previous publication with modifications: Watson J. Carative factors, Caritas processes guide to professional nursing. Danish Clinical Nursing Journal. 2006; 20 (3): 21-7. 2 PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN. Distinguished Professor of Nursing Murchinson-Scoville Endowed Chair in Caring Science, in the University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center, USA. Web: www.uchsc.edu/nursing/caring 1 KEYWORDS: Teoria de enfermagem. Prà ¡tica profissional. Cuidados de enfermagem. Enfermagem. ABSTRACT: This article provides an overview of Watson’s theory of Human Caring, the notion of Caritas and human phenomena. Special emphasis is placed upon the theoretical structure of human caring theory referred to as 10 Carative Factors/Caritas Processes and subjective living processes and experiences. These core conceptual aspects of the theory and human living processes are grounded within the philosophical and ethical foundation of  the body of my caring theory work. Together they serve as a guide for professional practice, as well as a disciplinary blueprint for the Science of Care. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Nur- RESUMO: Este artigo fornece uma visà £o geral da teoria de Cuidado Humano de Watson, a noà §Ãƒ £o de Caritas e sing theory. Professional practi- o fenà ´meno humano. Uma à ªnfase especial à © dada sobre os 10 Fatores Caritativos/Caritas Processes, os processos de viver humano e as experià ªncias subjetivas de vida que fazem parte da estrutura da teoria. Estes aspectos ce. Nursing care. Nursing. centrais dos conceitos da teoria e processos de viver sà £o desenvolvidos na fundamentaà §Ãƒ £o filosà ³fica e à ©tica do corpo da Teoria de Cuidado. Juntos, eles servem como um guia para a prà ¡tica profissional, bem como, um esquema disciplinar para a Cià ªncia do Cuidado. PALABRAS CLAVE: Teoria de enfermerà ­a. Prà ¡ctica profesional. Atencià ³n de enfermerà ­a. Enfermerà ­a. RESUMEN: El presente artà ­culo ofrece una visià ³n general sobre la teorà ­a del Cuidado Humano de Watson, la nocià ³n de Caritas y el fenà ³meno humano. En este estudio se da un à ©nfasis especial a los diez factores Caritativos/Caritas Processes, a los procesos del vivir humano y a las experiencias subjetivas de vida, los cuales forman parte de la estructura de la teorà ­a. Los aspectos centrales de los conceptos de la teorà ­a y los procesos del vivir son desarrollados en el fundamento filosà ³fico y à ©tico del cuerpo de la teorà ­a de Cuidado; todos esos aspectos juntos sirven como una guà ­a para la prà ¡ctica profesional, asà ­ como tambià ©n un esquema disciplinar para la Ciencia del Cuidado. Endereà §o: Jean Watson University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center 80262 Denver, Colorado, USA. Email: [emailprotected] Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Artigo original: Reflexà £o teà ³rica Recebido em: 15 de agosto de 2006. Aprovaà §Ãƒ £o final: 23 de fevereiro de 2007. 130 INTRODUCTION The origin of the original theory of human  caring was my first book − Nursing: the philosophy  and science of caring.1 This first work was published  before there was formal attention to nursing theory as  the disciplinary foundation for nursing science, education, and practice. The origin of the theory of human caring was  first work â€Å"emerged from my quest to bring new meaning and dignity to the world of nursing and patient care† and to the inner subjective life experiences of  self and other.2:49 It also served to provide an ethicalphilosophical foundation for the deeply human dimensions of nursing. The theoretical concepts were derived and  emerged from, my personal/professional experiences;  they were clinically inducted, empirically grounded and combined with my philosophical, intellectual, and experiential background. Thus, the early work emerged from my own values, beliefs, perceptions and experiences about rhetorical and ineffable questions, e.g. what does it mean to be human? What does it mean to care? What does it mean to heal? What does it mean to develop knowledge and practices about life phenomena and subjective human experiences? What is a living philosophical context for exploring nursing and life meaning in health and illness? Questions and views of personhood, life, death, change, health, healing, caring, wholeness, pain, suffering, and so on, were guiding my quest to identify a framework for nursing as a distinct entity, profession, discipline and science in its own right, separate from, but complementary to medicine. 1 My views were heightened by my commitment to the professional role and mission of nursing; its ethical covenant with society as sustaining human caring; in honoring the lived experience of self and other; in seeking to preserve humanity, even when threatened; attending to and helping to sustain human dignity, unity of oneness of being, to hold the other in their wholeness, even when they could not feel whole themselves. These are all activities which transcend illness, diagnosis, condition, setting,  and so on, and are enduring and timeless across time and space and changes in society and science.  Since then, the original work has expanded and evolved through a generation of other theory-based  books on caring that followed: â€Å"Nursing: human science and human care, a theoryofnursing†.Connecticut(USA):Appleton/Century/ Crofts. Reprinted/republished, New York (NY/USA): Watson J National League for Nursing; 1988. Reprinted/republished, Massachusetts (USA): Jones Bartlett; 1999.3 â€Å"Postmodern sursing and seyond†. Edinburgh (Scotland): Churchill-Livingstone. Reprinted/republished, Harcourt-Brace/Elsevier; 1999.4 â€Å"Caring science as sacred science†. Philadelphia (USA): FA Davis; 2005.5 The first book â€Å"Nursing: the philosophy andscience of caring†1 provided the original core and structure for the Theory of Human Caring: 10 Carative Factors. These factors were identified as the essential aspects of caring in nursing, without which perhaps nurses were not practicing professional nursing, but were functioning as technicians or skilled workers within the dominant framework of medical technocure science. The second book â€Å"Nursing: human science and human care, a theory of nursing†3 expanded upon the philosophical, transpersonal aspects of a caring moment as the core framework; this focus placed the ideas more explicitly within a broader context of ethics, art and even metaphysics-spiritual, as deeper living phenomena within which nursing dwells, but often does not name, nor articulate, nor act on. As it has been pointed out in postmodern discourse today; â€Å"if a profession does not have its own language it does not exist†, thus it is important to name, claim, articulate and act upon the phenomena of nursing and caring and the subjectively real living experiences of self and other; this focus for nursing and caring science is essential if nursing is to fulfill its mandate and raison d’à ªtre for existing in science and society. This work makes more explicit that if nursing is to survive into this millennium then it has to sustain and make explicit its covenant with the public which includes knowledge, values, ethics and skilled practices of caring, healing, health, and living phenomena of human experiences. Thethirdbookâ€Å"Postmodernnursingandbeyond†4 brought a focus to the professional paradigm which is grounded in ontology of relations and an ethical-ontological foundation before the conventional epistemology of science and technology. The need to clarify the ontological foundation of Being-in-Relation within a Caring paradigm; the unity of mindbodyspirit/field was the focus of this work, going beyond the outdated separatist ontology of modern, Era I medical industrial thinking. It is here in this book that the spiritual and evolved energetic aspects of caring consciousness and intentionality and human presence and personal evolution of the practitioner became more developed. This evolution was placed within the emerging post –modern Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Watson’s theory of human caring and subjective living experiences 131 cosmology of healing, wholeness, oneness which is an honoring of the unity of all, and the living experiences and life phenomena in which nursing dwells. My most recent theoretical book â€Å"Caring science as sacred science†5 was selected as an AJN Book of the Year Award (2006) in the category of research; it expands further upon the original work on caring, now placing Caring Science within an ethical-moralphilosophical − evolved scientific context, guided by the works of Emmanual Levinas (French)6 and Knud Logstrup (Danish). 7 This latest work seeks a science model that reintegrates metaphysics with the physical domain, and re-invites Ethics-of –Belonging, (to infinite field of Universal Cosmic Love) as before and underneath Being-by-Itself alone; this view is different, and separate from, the broader universal field of infinity, to which we all belong and return to from earth plane. This latest work brings a decidedly sacred dimension to the work of caring, making more explicit that living human experiences are a phenomena with spiritual and philosophical-ethical-moral dimensions; reminding us that we dwell in mystery. We dwell in mystery because we are working with the living processes, the life force, life energy, the soul if you will of another person. This focus makes more explicit that relational, existential-spiritual human caring dimensions and the deeply life processes, the deeper meaning of life are part of the inner healing journey we make with self and others on this earth plane passage; this happens when we are practicing within a caring-healing model. When we are conscious of an expanded cosmology and expanded deeper moral-ethical foundation as the nature of caring and human living processes, we have to arrive at a new understanding and humility. We are asked to acknowledge a need for wisdom, even to surrender, to that which is greater than Self, and the outer world controls, that often we think we have. With that background of my major books on Caring theory, Philosophy, and Caring Science the rest of this paper will explicate several of the conceptual aspects of the work; the core of the original work in context of its evolution; outlining the 10 Carative Factors (CF). DEVELOPMENT The Caritas Processes (CP) are juxtaposed against the original Carative Factors. The Caritas Processes are an extension of the other which have evolved; CP are intended to offer a more fluid language for understanding a deeper level of CF which capture the deeper dimensions of living processes of human experiences. The original terms and concepts of the Carative Factors needed to evolve as they seemed too set in the language of the earlier era, although still relevant. Nevertheless, in this article, I am using the two forms almost interchangeable. However, Caritas makes more explicit the connection between Caring and Love and human living processes. These aspects are more prominent in my last book on caring science.5 Some exemplars of how the work in used as a guide to transforming practices within the context of living processes are included in Box 1. Box 1 – 10 Carative factors and caritas processes. Original 10 Carative Factors, juxtaposed against the emerging Caritas Processes/ Carative Factors Caritas Processes 1. Humanistic –Altruistic Values. 1. Practicing Loving-kindness Equanimity for self and other. 2. Instilling/enabling Faith Hope. 2. Being authentically present to/enabling/sustaining/honoring deep belief system and subjective world of self/other. 3. Cultivation of Sensitivity to one’s self and other. 3. Cultivating of one’s own spiritual practices; deepening selfawareness, going beyond â€Å"ego self†. 4. Development of helping-trusting, human caring relationship. 4. Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring relationship. 5. Promotion and acceptance of expression of positive and negative feelings. 5. Being present to, and supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit of self and the one-being-cared-for. 6. Systematic use of scientific (creative) problemsolving caring process. 6. Creatively using presence of self and all ways of knowing/ multiple ways of Being/doing as part of the caring process; engaging in artistry of caring-healing practices. Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. 132 7. Promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning. 8. Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, social, spiritual environment. 9. Assistance with gratification of human needs. 10. Allowance for existential-phenomenological spiritual dimensions. Watson J 7. Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experiences that attend to whole person, their meaning; attempting to stay within other’s frame of reference. 8. Creating healing environment at all levels (physical, nonphysical, subtle environment of energy and consciousness whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity and peace are potentiated. 9. Assisting with basic needs, with an intentional, caring consciousness of touching and working with embodied spirit of individual, honoring unity of Being; allowing for spiritual emergence. 10. Opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious, unknown existential dimensions of life-death; attending to soul care for self and one- being- cared- for. These 10 original Carative Factors remain as the timeless structural core of the Theory, while allowing for their evolving and emergence into more fluid aspects of the model captured by the 10 Caritas Processes. In introducing the original concepts of Carative Factors as core for a nursing philosophy and science, I was offering a theoretical counterpoint to notion of Curative so dominant in medical science. Thus, the Carative Factors helped to define a framework to hold the discipline and profession  of nursing; they were informed by a deeper vision and ethical commitment to the human dimensions /living processes of caring in nursing; the art and human science context. I was seeking to  address those aspects of professional nursing that transcended medical diagnosis, disease, setting,  limited and changing knowledge and technology of specialized foci. What remains as core? 10 Carative Factors (embellished by philosophical-ethic and value of Caritas consciousness). In moving from the concept of Carative, to Caritas I was making an overt evocation of love and caring to merge for an expanded paradigm to connect with the existential-spiritual dimensions and living processes of human experiences. Such a perspective ironically places nursing in its most mature paradigm, while reconnecting with heritage and foundation of Nightingale which is the spiritual living processes of our humanity. With Caritas incorporated more explicitly into my work, it locates the theory within an ethical and ontological contact as starting point for considering not only its science, but its societal human caring mission. This direction makes a more formal connection between caring and healing and the evolved human consciousness of living subjective experiences and life phenomena. The background for this work is published on my website. See www. uchsc.edu/nursing/caring for more information.8 CONTEXT FOR CARATIVE/CARITAS PROCESSES The Carative Factors/Caritas Processes are not complete without acknowledging the worldview and philosophical context which holds the concepts. For example: a cosmology of oneness of  Being; phenomenal field which honors the subjective-intersubjective inner life world, transpersonal caring relationship, caring occasion and caring moment. These wider dimensions serve to remind that any nurse – patient encounter can be considered a caring occasion wherein a â€Å"caring moment† can be created and experienced, depending upon  the consciousness, intentionality, and philosophical (theoretical) orientation which is guiding the nurse.2 A caring moment transcends time and space and continues as part of larger complex pattern of  life of both nurse and patient. Narrative related to Ten Carative Factors1 Humanistic: altruistic system of values Caring is grounded on a set of universal humanistic altruistic values. Humanistic values include kindness, empathy, concern, and love for self and others. They derive from childhood experiences and are enhanced by beliefs, cultures and art. Altruistic values arise from commitments to and satisfaction from receiving through giving. They bring meaning to one’s life through one’s belief and relationships with other people. Humanistic-altruistic feelings and acts provide the basis of human Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Watson’s theory of human caring and subjective living experiences 133 caring and promote the best professional care, and as such, constitute the first and most basic factor for science and ethic of caring. Developing helping: trusting, caring relationship The human caring relationship is transpersonal. in that it connotes a special kind of relationship: a connection with the other person, a high regard for the whole person and their Being-in-the-world. In the transpersonal human caring relationship, the nurse enters into the experience of another person, and another can enter into the nurse’s experiences. It is an ideal of  intersubjectivity in which both persons are involved.  It is an art in which the nurse forms a union with the  other, connecting with the spirit-filled person, behind  the patient, that transcends the physical. This connection honors the upmost concern for human dignity and preservation of humanity. Enabling and sustaining faith and hope The history of medicine is replete with documentation of the importance of a person’s belief in faith and hope. For example, Hippocrates thought that an ill person’s mind and soul should be inspired before one’s illness was treated. IN many other examples, medicine itself was secondary to magic, incantations, spells, and prayers. In this Carative Factor, patient’s beliefs are encouraged, honored and respected as significant influences in promoting and maintaining health. Regardless of what scientific regimen is required for medical care of a person, the nurse should nurture faith and hope and the deep belief system of the one-being- cared for. Even when there is nothing left to do medically, the nurse nurtures a patient’s faith and hope in something or someone beyond his or her self. Sensitivity to self and other To be human is to feel. All too often people allow themselves to think their thoughts, but not feel their feelings. The only way to develop sensitivity to one’s self and to others is to recognize and feel one’s feelings. The development of self and the nurturing of judgment, taste, values, and sensitivity in human relationships evolve from emotional states. The development of feeling is encouraged by the humanities and compassionate life experiences. Sensitivity to self is the recognition and acknowledgement of feelings – painful as well as happy ones. It is cultivated by looking into oneself and a willingness to explore one’s own feelings. People who are not sensitive to and repress their own feelings may be unable to allow others to express and explore their feelings. Sensitivity to self not only leads to self-acceptance and psychological growth, but to sensitivity and acceptance of others. Nurses who are sensitive to others are better able to learn about another’s view of the world which, subsequently, increases concern for others’ comfort, recovery, and wellness. Nurses who recognize and use their sensitivity promote selfdevelopment and self-actualization, and are able to encourage the same growth in others. Without this factor nursing care would fall. Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Promoting and accepting the expression of positive and negative feelings and emotions Because feelings after thoughts, behavior, and experiences, they need to need to be acknowledged and considered in the human caring process. A focus on feelings and the â€Å"non-rational† emotional aspects of an event is necessary for nurses engaged in the human caring process. The caring relationship can move to a deeper, more honest and authentic level if he nurse allows for this CF. Further, in listening to and honoring another person’s feelings we honor their story which holds meaning and importance for them and their healing. By listening to another person’s story, it may be the greatest healing act we can offer. It may be the nurse who is the only one who listens to and  honors another’s story and all the magnitude of  feelings that accompany it.  Engaging in creative, individualized, problemsolving caring process Professional nursing employs the nursing  process, which is a creative, problem-solving  method to assist with decision –making in all nursing situations. A creative approach acknowledges that nurses use all ways of know/being/doing in  engaging in clinical caring. Nursing problems solving in not a linear one to one process, but often the nurse walks into a patient’s room and grasps  the â€Å"gestalt’ – reading the field, in the instant. This process involves full use of self and all of one’s faculties, knowledge, instincts, intuition, aesthetics, technology, skills, empirics, ethics, personal and even spiritual knowing. In a caring science model for practice, all knowledge is valu- 134 able and accessed for clinical caring. The process invites creative imagination as well as systematic scientific logic and technology. Transpersonal Teaching-Learning Nurses have a long history about the educational-teaching role; however there has been more emphasis on conveying information rather than a conscious intentionality to engage in authentic processes and relationships of mutuality and reciprocity, in that the nurse seeks to work from the patient’s frame of reference, grasping the meaning and significance of the information for the person, as well as the readiness and timeliness for the person to receive the information. This CF makes explicit that learning is more than just receiving information and data. It involves a caring relationship as context for any teaching learning. This CF evolves toward more of a coaching role in which the person becomes their own best teacher, in contrast to a conventional imparting- of- information role. Provision of supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment The purpose of providing such an environment is quality care and also healing/wholeness. The areas that involve this factor are: comfort; privacy; safety; clean; aesthetic surroundings. Nurses often have a great deal of control of  the environment, but without a consciousness of their obligations to take systematical responsibility for the environment to protect, support and/or correct the patient. More recently this factor has taken on entirely new meaning. In addition to acknowledging the environment as a functional, physical place to attend to in conventional way, one now is invited to consider  the nurse as influencing the patterns – for example,  using theory as guide to environment one can think  of the nurse as repatterning the environment to  promote healing, harmony, and use of caring-healing modalities to assist in patterning a more healing environment; e.g. imagery, visualization, relaxation,  music-sound, intentional touch, art and so forth.9,5 An even more expanded view of environment developed by Quinn9 and expanded by Watson5 suggests and invites us to consider the nurse as the environment. In this evolved framework we are invited to Watson J consider the practitioner and his/her evolved caring consciousness, presence, intentionality, and so forth, as the critical ingredient in the environment.5 In this view, then we have to turn toward the practitioner and the Nurse Self as an energetic, vibrational field, integral with the patient and outer environment. This is a unitary, caring science view of environment and raises new questions inspired by Quinn,9 for Caring Science Environment.5:94 If I am the environment, how can I Be a more caring-healing environment? How can I Become a safe space, a sacred vessel for this patient and his/her inner healing journey? In what ways can I look at, into this person (how am I to face this other) to draw out healing/ wholeness? How can I use my consciousness, my Being, my presence, my voice, my touch, my face, my hands, my heart for healing? Environment now takes on entirely different meaning with this evolved view, moving beyond physical environment, and having to pay attention to the nurse and his/her caring consciousness affecting the entire field. Assisting with gratification of Basic Human Needs, while preserving human dignity and wholeness Assistance with another’s basic needs gives nurses access to the physical body in a very intimate way. As such it is a privilege and great gift to society to take care of others when in need of care. In a Caring Science model it is acknowledged that the nurse however is not just touching one’ physical body or  meeting physical needs, but noting that when touching another we are not touching just the body, but embodied spirit. It is also made explicit in this  work that all needs are unified and interdependent; all needs are equally important and must be valued  and responded to for caring-healing. Allowing for, being open to, existential-phenomenological and spiritual dimensions of caring and healing This last CF brings up the phenomenon of  the unknowns, which cannot be explained scientifically, through the Western mind of modern medicine. This CF allows for mystery and philosophical, Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Watson’s theory of human caring and subjective living experiences metaphysical aspects of human experiences and phenomena which do not conform to conventional views of science and rational thinking. Nevertheless these unknowns are real to those affected. This CF allows for spiritual filled meanings and unknowns to emerge open to infinite possibilities for miracles. This CF honors spirit- filled meanings, cultural beliefs, myths, and metaphors and inner subjective life world of nurse and patients and families, allowing cures and miraculous cures and healings. CONCLUSION Finally this framework for Caring Science and practices proposes that nursing, individually and collectively, contributes to the preservation of humanity and seeks to sustain caring in instances where it is threatened. The Carative Factors/ Caritas Processes serve as structure and order for a theoretical − philosophical foundation for the discipline and profession of nursing. The moral ideals and caring factors and processes proposed foster the evolution and deepening of humankind and serve to sustain humanity. Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. 135 REFERENCES 1 Watson J. Nursing: the philosophy and science of caring. Boston (USA): Little Brown; 1979. Boulder (Colorado/USA): Colorado Associated University Press; reprinted 1985. 2 Watson J, The theory of human caring: retrospective and prospective. Nursing Science Quarterly. 1997 Mar; 10 (1): 49-52. 3 Watson J. Nursing human science and human care: a theory of nursing. Connecticut (USA): AppletonCentury Crofts; 1985. New York (USA): National League for Nursing; reprinted 1988. Massachusetts (USA): Jones and Bartlett; reprinted 1999. 4 Watson J. Postmodern nursing and beyond. Edinburgh (Scotland):Churchill-Livingstone.NewYork(NY/USA): Harcourt-Brace/Elsevier; reprinted 1999. 5 Watson J. Caring science as sacred science. Philadelphia (USA): FA Davis; 2005. 6 Levinas E. Totality infinity. Pittsburgh (PA): Duquesne University; 1969. 7 Logstrup K. The ethical demand. Notre Dame (Indiana/ USA): University of Notre Dame; 1997. 8 Watson J. Theory of human caring [acesso em 2006 Nov 11].Disponà ­velem:http://www.uchsc.edu/nursing/caring 9 Quinn J. Holding sacred space: the nurse as healing environment.HolisticNursingPractice1992Apr;6(4):26-35.

Africa by Maya Angelou Analysis

Africa by Maya Angelou Analysis Thus she had lain sugar cane sweet deserts her hair golden her feet mountains her breasts  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 two Niles her tears. Thus she has lain Black through the years. Over the white seas Rime white and cold  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10 Brigands ungentled icicle bold took her daughters Sold her strong sons churched her with Jesus  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15 bled her with guns Thus she has lain. Now she is rising remember her pain remember he losses  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   20 her screams loud and vain remember her riches her history slain now she is striding although she had lain  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   25 [Explication] Maya Angelou, an African American poet, wrote the poem Africa about the tragic events held by the European men who invaded Africa. Angelou uses rhyming techniques as well as imagery and metaphors to describe the actions made in African history. With those techniques she helps us with an image of what it was like to live in Africa during this time period. The poem is separated into three stanzas and twenty-five lines. Each stanza contains vivid words to give a certain image in your head.   Angelou uses metaphors to compare the continent, Africa, to a healthy woman. This comparison between continents and women are used a lot to describe the state or well being of it. Each stanza shows slight variations to show the transitions of tone. Within those twenty-five lines, Angelou uses the rhyme scheme ABCB. The rhyming of this poem helps with how it is structured. In the first stanza, the woman is being brought into character. She is being described as different landmarks in Africa with the use of metaphors. Angelou uses landmarks such as mountains (5), deserts (3), and the Nile River (6) to give the woman vivid description of her physical appearance. Two Niles her tears (6) in this line she is comparing the way her tears flow to the way the Nile River flows. The use of imagery is used throughout this stanza. The first four lines in the second stanza, Angelou uses rime (10) and cold (10) to give us a brief description of the setting when the brigands (11) came to Africa ready to take away from the land. The next four lines are the about the actions the brigands (11) done to the women in Africa. Lines 14 and 15 state, took her young daughters / sold her strong sons to give us off the idea of slavery. This transition of tone gives the unpleasant and unwanted aspect of this part in the poem. At the end of this stanza, line 17 just like the first stanza, line 7 Thus she has lain which shows the uncomfortable effect to what the white men did to her. In the last stanza, she talks about her overcoming the obstacles. Even though all the harshness she has been through, now she is striding. This stanza is in present tense unlike the other stanzas. This shows her progress from the pain she has endured. The tone in this stanza is more of accepting the fact and embracing what the white men did. In lines 19 and 20, she uses the word remember twice so that we remember what happened to her. The ending of this stanza states the same line, although she has lain in reference to her overcoming all the bad that she encountered. This line also helps us see that she is moving forward from everything that has happened. In conclusion, African American poet, Maya Angelou, uses descriptive detail and convincing evidence to convey her thoughts about the country of Africa. Within this poem holds three stanzas which contain the explanation of the various usage of color imagery, metaphors, and other forms of literary elements. As we begin to journey into the poem with the first stanza, this is where Mrs. Angelou compares the likeness of a woman to the geological structures of the country itself. As in the second stanza the writer provides bits of imagery while explaining how the land was taken over as well as the actions taken upon women during this time. Finally, she comes to conclusion in the last stanza to show all the country has fought for and being able to overcome the obstacles set on their paths.

Critiquing and Repairing Free Trade under NAFTA :: Global Political Politics Essays

Critiquing and Repairing Free Trade under NAFTA On January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the free trade policy linking the economies of Canada, the United States, and Mexico was officially implemented. Over the past decade, the policy has evoked a firestorm of debate involving neoliberal advocates, mercantilist critics, and radical critics, all of whom analyze and critique NAFTA in an effort to determine the success of free trade. Since NAFTA policies are evaluated by political economists with differing ideologies, the success of NAFTA’s first decade remains in question. After a decade, which economists herald NAFTA as a success and who disregards it as a failure? Which set of economic and political standards should be used to evaluate free trade? And ultimately, what policies should be implemeted in NAFTA’s second decade? Since there is little agreement on the future of NAFTA, it is wise to look to the past if we are to determine where the future may lead. By understanding the conflicting arguments inherent in debate on free trade, then perhaps we can better establish priorities and suggestions for policy reform in NAFTA’s second decade. Essentially, all disagreements in political economics stem from three theoretical perspectives: neoliberalsim, mercantilism, and radicalism. The three theories emphasize divergent characteristics associated with economic vitality: neoliberals emphasize market efficiency, mercantilists defend state sovereignty, and radicals value social justice. History has taught us that these theories regularly contradict each other and ultimately result in policy conflicts evidenced by countless case studies. Free trade and economic growth is a pressing concern for political economists, suggesting that little common ground can be found among the three theories. The first of the three political economy scholars are neoliberals, who reject government intervention in the economy through protectionist policies such as tariffs, subsidies, and quotas; rather, their focus is on overall economic growth as evidenced by increases in gross domestic product. Neoliberal advocates expected NAFTA to produce an increase in exports of goods and services, create additional jobs, expand foreign investment, and spur overall economic growth. These four expectations of free trade policy serve as a means of evaluation for neoliberals. Neoliberal standards of success are easy to understand: if NAFTA has produced more goods, jobs, investment, and overall profits, then NAFTA should be heralded as a success.

my life ant its ways :: essays research papers

My Thinking and its Ways   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A utopia is a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social conditions. When I sit to think I think of my own utopia. I dream of things that I could not do the normal world but in my own utopia. In my utopia a key phrase and motto is â€Å"don’t worry†. I want to have no worries in what I do, think, feel, and every other aspect that would worry about. In my utopia, I am the utopia. I am the one and only in my world. Temptation to do things and the will to not do things is what separate the strong and the weak. I feel and many others may disagree when I say that everyone will fall to temptation. I am not a perfect individual and many others are not either and if you think your perfect certainly you are to bigheaded to be perfect. So in my world I like to be by myself. How can one be tempted if there is no one to tempt him? A main reason for me to be by myself is so I can live in a world without temptation. I know I am not a weak person but I am not the strongest and I fall to temptation. I think that I could do everything by myself. I think that I can depend on myself and no one else. I know in a real world this could not happen that you cannot make it by yourself, but in mine you can make it by yourself because you are the one that makes it. No one can challenge you and it is not necessary to not challenge anyone else. Life is hard and harsh place to be so to be somewhere else would be a dream. Being alone would not bother me; I would be able to do it. Sometimes I love being myself just thinking about this little world that I could live in and do things my way. You may think being by yourself would be dull because there is no impact, but when your alone you can think of the most imaginative places and scenarios. From reading this you might think that I am an anti-social person, but I am not one. I love the people around me but when you dream and think you can do things you cant do on earth or in reality.